Blood sugar, or glucose, is the body’s primary source of energy. It comes from carbohydrates in the foods we eat and is absorbed into the bloodstream. The body regulates glucose levels using insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. When blood sugar rises after eating, insulin helps transport glucose into cells for energy. Excess glucose is stored in the liver for later use.
High Blood Sugar and Its Effects
When blood glucose levels remain elevated for extended periods, it can lead to hyperglycemia, commonly associated with diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure. It also affects the kidneys, potentially causing kidney failure, and can lead to diabetic neuropathy, which damages nerves and causes pain, especially in the extremities.
Low Blood Sugar and Its Effects
On the other hand, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) occurs when glucose levels drop too low. This can cause symptoms like dizziness, confusion, shakiness, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Hypoglycemia can occur due to skipped meals, excessive exercise, or medication used to lower blood sugar. People with diabetes are particularly at risk.
Blood sugar doesn’t just affect the body—it also plays a significant role in mental health. The brain relies on glucose as its main energy source, and fluctuations in blood sugar can directly affect mood, cognitive function, and mental clarity.
Mood and Blood Sugar
Low blood sugar can lead to irritability, anxiety, and even depression. When the brain doesn’t have enough glucose to function properly, it can cause mood swings and difficulty managing emotions. Similarly, high blood sugar can lead to feelings of frustration or irritability. People with diabetes may experience more extreme mood swings due to their body’s difficulty regulating blood sugar.
Cognitive Function and Blood Sugar
Blood sugar also impacts cognitive performance. Low glucose can result in brain fog, poor concentration, and memory problems. When blood sugar is too high, cognitive abilities can decline as well, making it harder to focus and think clearly. Chronic blood sugar imbalances, whether low or high, can impair decision-making and problem-solving skills over time.
Long-term Mental Health Effects
Ongoing fluctuations in blood sugar have been linked to more serious mental health issues. People with poorly managed diabetes are more likely to experience depression and anxiety. High blood sugar over a long period may even increase the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. This is sometimes referred to as “type 3 diabetes,” highlighting the connection between blood sugar and brain health.
Sarah Mitchell is a health writer with a focus on supplements and wellness. She enjoys sharing practical, science-backed advice to help others lead healthier lives. In her free time, Sarah loves hiking, trying new smoothie recipes, and gardening.
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